![University graduation ceremony](/system/files/styles/hero_large_screen_1x/private/media/images/2018-11/Hero%20image%202%20for%20labour%20markets%20and%20skills_0.png?itok=J7nVG_Hz)
Labour Markets and Skills
Research focuses on a wide range of policy areas examining how workers are faring in the labour market and what skills workers need to meet the needs of an evolving economy. Research topics include pay, unemployment, training and skills.
![Open purse with coins atop a wooden table](/system/files/styles/widescreen_television/private/media/images/2018-11/income%20poverty%20purse%20with%20a%20couple%20of%20euros.jpg?h=df5d3ffd&itok=riePdyZr)
While all employees aged 15–19 could legally be paid a sub-minimum youth rate, just under one-quarter are actually paid this rate. The remaining three-quarters earn a higher wage.
![belfast](/system/files/styles/widescreen_television/private/media/images/2023-03/Website%20image%20%281%29.png?itok=FMQA0a1p)
By 2020, productivity per worker was approximately 40% higher in Ireland compared to Northern Ireland.
![Minimum Wage](/system/files/styles/traditional_television/private/media/images/2018-11/Minimum%20Wage.jpg?itok=escKeUwN)
A number of reports examine who earns the minimum wage in Ireland and how long people remain on the minimum wage for.
![Digital skills](/system/files/styles/traditional_television/private/media/images/2024-09/Website_Smaller%20leaflet%20images%20%20%28259%20x%20180%20px%29.png?itok=ACVhTxhL)
These reports address topics such as the labour market's demand for blockchain and automation skills to ensure workforce capabilities match this demand.
![Skilled worker wearing a blue apron is operating a machine in a warehouse](/system/files/styles/traditional_television/private/media/images/2018-11/Labour%20Markets_0.jpg?itok=xlXI23Yt)
These reports examine areas such as skill gaps, skill shortages and overeducation.